Vidadi Isgandarli, an Azerbaijani opposition figure in exile well-known for his fierce criticism of the government, has died in France after being brutally beaten and stabbed in an attack at his apartment that his family says was politically motivated.
Oktay Isgandarli confirmed his brother's death to RFE/RL on October 1 after doctors fought for more than a day to keep him alive.
The deadly attack on Isgandarli follows a similar pattern of violence against Azerbaijani opposition figures in exile; in 2021, another politician in exile, Mohammad Mirzali, survived being stabbed.
"My brother had no idea who the attackers were or what motivated the assault.... They did not speak, and they wore masks, making it impossible to identify them," Oktay Isgandarli told RFE/RL.
"I have no doubt this is a politically motivated assassination. My brother survived a previous attack by approximately 15 assailants in 2022 here in France."
Oktay Isgandarli said he received a desperate video call from his brother early on September 29 as he clutched a pillow to his abdomen to try and staunch the bleeding after being attacked by three masked men who had broken into his apartment in Mulhouse in eastern France.
"I contacted the authorities and provided them with my brother's address," he said.
"When I arrived, the police had cordoned off the area, and I was unable to speak with him before he was rushed to the hospital."
Doctors said Vidadi Isgandarli was stabbed at least 21 times in the abdomen as well as blows to the body and head.
They managed to resuscitate him, but he never regained consciousness and succumbed to his injuries early on October 1, they said.
Vidadi Isgandarli was known as a vocal critic of the Azerbaijani government and President Ilham Aliyev, who has maintained a tight grip on power since 2003.
In 2010, Vidadi Isgandarli participated in parliamentary elections, which he denounced as fraudulent after opposition candidates failed to get elected. He then helped organize protests against the official election results.
Arrested in 2011 and charged with various offenses, including assault and interference with election officials, Vidadi denied the allegations, claiming they were politically motivated.
He was sentenced to 3 1/2 years in prison but was released early in December 2012 in a presidential amnesty.
Fearing further persecution, Vidadi, his brother, and their families emigrated to France in 2015.
With Azerbaijan set to host the climate conference COP29 in November, right groups have said it is imperative that the event is used also to shine a spotlight on the country and the deteriorating human rights situation there.
Earlier this year, Amnesty International noted that it and other human rights groups had documented the "widespread abuse" by the Azerbaijani authorities of the criminal justice system to crack down on human rights including the right to freedom of expression, often "detaining and falsely charging their critics with economic crimes."