Two months before the Kremlin launched its full-scale attack on Ukraine, RFE/RL photographer Amos Chapple visited the trenches of what was then a static conflict between Ukrainian troops and Russia-backed separatists in the Luhansk region.
Two years later, the Ukrainians who survived the invasion recall what happened on February 24, 2022. The photos below were taken in and around Popasna on December 6-7, on territory that is now under control of Russian forces.
Tymur Pliushch
The invasion did not come as a total surprise for me.
The situation had already become very tense [in the Luhansk region] a week before the invasion. The number of shellings had increased dramatically and the enemy had begun to use heavy weapons. I still hoped for the best, but at the same time I knew that whatever was about to happen I would be involved in, because I was at the front -- or “demarcation line” as it was called before February 24.
I especially remember the night 24 hours before the invasion. Enemy forces fired volleys of Grad rockets at the Pervomaysk-Lysychansk road that connected us with the areas in the rear. I barely slept that night. l was a member of an infantry fighting vehicle crew tasked with covering our frontline positions. I woke up from every noise and mentally went over and over all the actions I needed to take in case of a “red alert.”
A broken sign at a military position on the outskirts of Popasna in December 2021
The next night, from February 23-24, was actually quite calm. I only learned that a full-scale invasion had started from Telegram, at around 7 or 8 a.m.
Perhaps this sounds strange, but my first reaction when I knew the invasion was under way was to let out a deep breath. As I explained above, I had lived for a long time with the unbearable tension of knowing that something was going to happen without knowing what. And then it was happening.
I knew that I was where I should be. I just had to perform my duties.
At the same time, there was also a sense of bitterness about unfinished plans. I hadn’t yet graduated from university or met all the acquaintances I wanted to make.
The same sign as seen in the previous photo, taken by a Russian photographer after the position's capture in May 2022
The day of the 24th is a bit of a blur. At around 10 a.m. that day, we got an order to change our location, then were essentially “on hold” for the rest for the day.
I remember two things very clearly. First was an object flying overhead. I still have no idea what it was -- an aircraft or a missile -- and whether it was ours or Russian, but the noise immediately made me dive for cover.
The other thing that stays with me from that day was the cold. At the position we were sent to there were empty apartment blocks that had been abandoned since the 2000s. It was the typical landscape of a depressed mining town in eastern Ukraine -- shattered windows, mountains of garbage, and cold that sunk right into your bones. Through the first night of that endless February I didn't sleep at all.
And then came the war.
Vladislav Bily
The 22-year-old lieutenant was born in the western Ukrainian town of Stary Sambor and died on the outskirts of Popasna.
During a brief interview as he stood outside his fortified position in December 2021, he told RFE/RL: “If a Russian guy comes along and wants to drink some vodka and party, that’s fine. But if he comes to my home with weapons, I’ll kill him.”
In reference to the Holodomor (the starvation of millions in Ukraine in the 1930s under Soviet leader Josef Stalin), Bily spoke about his decision to fight, more than 1,000 kilometers from his home:
"If we don’t come here to the front now, we will die back in our houses later. There’s a Ukrainian saying: 'He who does not defend his family in peacetime will eat his children in times of trouble.'"
Vladislav Bily seen next to a handmade barbell at his position on the outskirts of Popasna.
The young lieutenant commanded an isolated military outpost just a few hundred meters from Russia-backed separatist positions. He was injured in the first days of the invasion, then returned to the front. He was reportedly killed in action on March 11, 2022, amid a hail of Grad, howitzer, and tank fire from advancing Russian troops.
His body was never recovered.
Bily's mother later told Polish journalist Paweł Szot that she tried to prevent her son from leaving for the war but said, “I couldn’t stop him. I just told him to be careful, and that he was our only happiness."
His parents still hold out hope he will return.
"He promised me he would come back, and he always kept his promises. I believe it still. He was a fighter from birth," the soldier's mother said. "We will wait for him. We hope that this hell will end and our child will return home.”
Iryna Trubnikova
At 4 a.m. on the morning of the 24th, there was a knock on the door.
We had been living in Kyiv for less than a month. My husband was studying at the National Defense University of Ukraine, and I had joined him in the capital while on maternity leave from the army.
We opened the door to a military serviceman in uniform. He told us to get up because Russia had started a full-scale invasion. Then we heard the first booms of explosions in Kyiv’s Brovary district. It was a shocking sequence of events to wake up to.
I started calling my relatives. There was nothing on the television news yet. My relatives were asleep and didn't pick up the phone. I ran to the store, but there were only empty shelves.
A snowman at a Ukrainian military position in Zolote
By the time dawn broke, the military was at full combat readiness. A lot of armored vehicles were driving along the streets to the posts that were just beginning to form. I packed my things and left with my child to drive to Lviv, while my husband and his fellow soldiers remained to defend Kyiv.
The two-lane road toward Lviv became five lanes. There were incredible traffic jams. Some cars even drove off the road on either side. Above the highway outside Kyiv, warplanes were roaring overhead, and we didn’t know whether they were ours or not. My husband was telling me the situation in the capital: They had gathered, geared up, and were patrolling their area in an armored car.
I joined a convoy of cars with families of soldiers who studied at the Defense University. We drove in three vehicles full of women and children. We let each other know about stops and changes of the route by phone in WhatsApp. Instead of the usual five hours, we drove for 24 hours to get to Lviv, exhausted and scared.
At that time, no one knew that a full-scale war would affect everywhere, not only the capital.
Photojournalist Andriy Dubchak
I was in a hotel in Syevyerodonetsk, in the Luhansk region, with the encouraging name Mir, meaning “peace” in the Russian language. Around 4 a.m., my wife, Liza, called me from Kharkiv. She was shouting into the phone: "War! We are being fired at!" This was the first I knew of the full-scale invasion.
I knew it was coming. In the week before February 24, 2022, I came under fire twice, and the intensity of those shellings exceeded anything that had come before. But I had not anticipated the scale of the invasion.
When my travel companions started banging on my door saying, "War! War! What are we doing!?" I was ready to go, with enough caffeine in my blood for action. You could see Ukrainian equipment and troops moving everywhere. The military openly said that they were preparing for a guerrilla war after the occupation of the territory we were standing in.
We were thinking of going to Mariupol but first drove to Kramatorsk to avoid the potential traffic jams in Syevyerodonetsk.
Everyone was on their phones, constantly sending and receiving information.
And then came news about an 80-kilometer-long column of Russian military equipment moving toward Kyiv. I had never imagined the Russian Army would invade the Kyiv region from Belarus.
A park in Zolote at dusk. The town was captured by Russian forces in the spring of 2022.
That news came as a shock. My three cats, relatives, and friends were in the capital. The battle for Kyiv was key at that time in the war. We decided to head to Dnipro, then onwards to Kyiv.
On the way, we stopped at a base to see volunteer medics from the Hospitallers medical battalion who were packing their ambulances for departure to the front. One of the doctors, Yuriy Skrebets, answered my question about what lay ahead:
"We will win. There’s no question,” he told me. “We will win. We just don’t know what the cost will be."
Tears came to my eyes as the full meaning of those words sunk in.
Kyiv was empty.
Everyone and everything around me was unprepared for war.
I worried about my family and tried to convince everyone to leave the city. I read the news and listened to rumors, and honestly I thought the city had no chance to survive.
I wanted to show everything to the world. Although it was terrifying, this was the beginning of what would be a savage war for the survival of my country.
And I realized that many people I knew would die.